A dicarboxylic acid with diverse biological activities; a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, NADH dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, and reduced ubiquitinone:cytochrome C oxidoreductase in vitro; inhibits the growth and colony formation of B16 murine as well as HMB2 and SK32 human melanoma cells; decreases DNA synthesis, induces mitochondrial damage and dilation of the RER, and reduces growth of mouse keratinocytes; bacteriostatic against various microorganisms (MICs = 0.03-0.25 M),