Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) particles contain low molecular weight species which promote the differentiation of monocytes and activate PMNL.{8499} Many of these substances were recently isolated and purified from oxLDL, and identified as phosphatidylcholine species containing a fragmented, oxidized short-chain fatty acid remnant at the sn-2 position.{9891} One of these substances An oxidized phospholipid found as a component in MM-LDL and in products of Ox-PAPC; activates PPARα in a concentration-dependent manner; increases VCAM1 and E-selectin expression in HAECs, as well as HAEC binding by monocytes and PMNs, in a concentration-dependent manner; increases total 5-lipoxygenase metabolites in murine RPMs at 37.5 μM; induces apoptosis in A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro at 50 μM; levels are increased in the serum, LDL, and PBMCs of patients with coronary artery disease; UVA irradiation increases PGPC levels in cultured human skin fibroblasts