Purity >98% by HPLC. Direct activator of pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins, acts preferentially on Gi and Go rather than Gs. Potent facilitator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore that is reported to induce apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule neurons by causing a dramatic increase in intracellular Ca2+. Acts as a calmodulin antagonist and activates phospholipase A2. Causes a transient Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Also reported to inhibit Na+,K+-ATPase activity (IC50 = 7.5 μM). Wasp venom.