A spermine alkaloid with diverse biological activities; induces autophagy and increases cell viability in an SH-SY5Y cell model of MPP-induced injury at 20 and 40 μM; increases the number of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum, decreases α-synuclein expression, and improves motor function in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease at 20 mg/kg per day; decreases IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX-2 protein levels in the hippocampus and increases hippocampal neurogenesis in a rat model of radiation injury at 10 and 20 mg/kg; selectively inhibits trypanothione reductase (Ki = 1.8 μM) over human glutathione reductase (Ki = >10 mM)