A vitamin A metabolite and RAR ligand (IC50s = 9, 3, and 10 nM for RARα, RARβ, and RARγ, respectively); induces expression of a luciferase reporter in COS-7 cells expressing RARα, RARβ, or RARγ (EC50s = 169, 9, and 2 nM, respectively); reduces TPA-induced papilloma formation in mice at 17 nmol; reduces bile duct proliferation, hydroxyproline levels, and liver inflammation in a rat model of α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced chronic cholestasis; reduces plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase and bile salts in the Mdr2-/- mouse model of cholestasis; reduces hepatic fat accumulation, triglycerides, body weight, and serum glucose levels in mice with Western diet-induced obesity,