The IL-1 family is a group of cytokines comprised of 11 members, including the IL-36 cytokines, IL-36α, β and γ (previously known as IL-1F6, IL-1F8, and IL-1F9). Like other IL-36 cytokines, IL-36β signals through IL-1Rrp2 and IL-1RAcP and activate NF-κB and MAPKs. IL-36β functions as a chemokine and induces migration of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and CD4+ T cells. IL-36β induces proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-12, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in BMDCs. Furthermore, it has been shown that IL-36β synergizes with IL-12 to enhance Th1 polarization. IL-36β is also expressed in neurons and glia cells, but recombinant IL-36β does not induce the classical IL-1 response in brain cells. In a cultured keratinocyte system, IL-36β can induce robust expression of many chemokines in macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils. The secretion of antimicrobial peptides, including HBD-2, HBD-3, lipocalin 2, CAMP, elafin, serpinB1, and IL-8 can be induced by IL-36β in keratinocytes in culture. IL-36β, can also upregulate MMP9 and MMP19 mRNA in cultured keratinocytes. IL-36β has been implicated in the development of human psoriasis. IL-36β is expressed in the skin and the expression can be upregulated by IL-1β, TNF-α, flagellin, and poly (I:C). The expression of IL-36β is also increased in plaque psoriasis. In addition, IL-36β can be detected in mononuclear cells that infiltrate lesional skin. In mouse models of psoriasis, IL-36β is significantly upregulated in inflamed skin.
Size
10 μg
Concentration
n/a
Applications
BA
Other Names
Interleukin-36 beta, Interleukin-1 family member 8, IL-1F8, Interleukin-1 homolog 2, IL-1H2