Endotoxin is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complex located in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. A single E.coli bacterium contains ~2 million LPS molecules (2 - 20 fg/cell). During experimental procedures, large amount of endotoxins are shed and can easily contaminate labware, buffers and downstream products. In vitro, endotoxin causes a variety of problems in cell-based research. In vivo, endotoxin may cause various side effects, including inflammatory response, organ failure or septic shock in host organisms. Presence of endotoxin in any of these has a detrimental effect on culturing of cells and can lead to generation of irreproducible or negative experimental data. Therefore, it is critical to remove endotoxin from samples an