An α1-adrenergic receptor agonist (Kis = 120, 960, and 660 nM at α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-ARs, respectively); a full agonist at α1A- and a partial agonist at α1B- and α1D-ARs (EC50s = 70.7, 79.4, and 239.8 nM, respectively); decreases blood pressure when microinjected into the NRL of the brainstem of anesthetized cats at doses ranging from 0.01-1 μg/kg; enhances spatial memory and reduces depressive- and anxiety-like behavior in mice when administered at a concentration of 10 mg/L in drinking water; enhances memory in aged rhesus monkeys at high doses of 1-10 μg/kg but impairs performance at lower doses of 0.01-1 μg/kg