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Description
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first identified as molecules that can induce ectopic bone and cartilage formation . BMPs belongs to the TGF-beta superfamily, playing many diverse functions during development . BMPs are synthesized as precursor proteins and then processed by cleavage to release the c-terminal mature BMP. BMPs initiate signaling by binding to a receptor complex containing type I and type II serine/threonine receptor kinases that then phosphorylate Smad (mainly Smad1, 5 and 8), resulting the translocation of Smad into the nucleus. BMP was also reported to activate MAPK pathways in some systems . BMP4 plays an essential role during development. Mouse embyros deficient in BMP4 die around the time of gastrulation . BMP4 regulates stem cell maintenance and differentiation in various systems . Synonyms: BMP2B, BMP2B1, MCOPS6, ZYME,