A natural phenylpropanoid glucoside; inhibits PKC (IC50 = 25 μM); inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including S. aureus and E. coli (MICs = 16 and 32 μg/ml, respectively); dose-dependently reduces extracellular hydrogen peroxide and increases cell viability of PC12 cells at 0.1-10 μg/ml following MPP+ administration to induce apoptosis and oxidative stress; dose-dependently inhibits the growth of MGC803 adenocarcinoma cells at 10-20 μM; reduces colon damage and the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS in a rat model of DNBS-induced colitis at 0.2-2 mg/kg,