An allosteric AMPA receptor antagonist (IC50 = 2.5 μM); reduces the firing rate of spinal neurons in rats by 68% at 10 mg/kg following AMPA administration; protective in mouse models of MES-induced (ED50 = 8.6 mg/kg) and 4-aminopyridine-induced seizures (ED50 = 8.4 mg/kg); potentiates the effects of diazepam in MES- and metrazole-induced seizure models at 2 mg/kg; reduces lesion size in rat and mouse models of focal ischemia