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Description
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an endogenously produced intracellular enzyme present in almost every cell in the body (3). It works by catalyzing the dismutation of the superoxide radical O2Eo/oo to O2 and H2O2, which are then metabolized to H2O and O2 by catalase and glutathione peroxidase (2, 5). In general, SODs play a major role in antioxidant defense mechanisms (4). There are three types of SOD in mammalian cells. One form (SOD1) contains Cu and Zn ions as a homodimer and exists in the cytoplasm. The two subunits of 16 kDa each are linked by two cysteines forming an intra-subunit disulphide bridge (3). The second form (SOD2) is a manganese containing enzyme and resides in the mitochondrial matrix. It is a homotetramer of 80 kDa. The third form (SOD3 or EC-SOD) is like SOD1 in that it contains Cu and Zn ions, however it is distinct in that it is a homotetramer, with a mass of 30 kDA and it exists only in the extra-cellular space (6). SOD3 can also be distinguished by its heparin-binding capacity (1). Cellular Localization: Extracellular Space