A peptide fragment of PrPc; is toxic to primary rat hippocampal neurons (80 μM); activates ERK1/2, p38, and JNK1/2 kinases, induces apoptosis, increases NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production, and decreases GSH levels in 1C115-HT and 1C11NE differentiated neuronal cells (25 μM); forms channels in lipid bilayer membranes that are freely permeable to calcium, sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium, cesium, and chloride ions at a concentration of 20 μM; intraocular injection of increases the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei in mice 4 days post injection (1 mM)