A water-soluble vitamin with diverse biological activities; inhibits lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and free radical oxidation of oleic acid in vitro from 1-100 μM; reduces hepatic levels of AST and ALT, lipid peroxidation, and protein damage in a rat model of acute ethanol intoxication at 100 mg/kg; reverses predator stress-induced suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis and decreases latency of step-down from a platform in mice; reduces neurodegeneration and increases survival in Slc19a3-/- mice at 8.5 mg/100 g food,