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Description
The monoclonal antibody 26-5 recognizes lipid A. The lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a unique, glucosamine-based phospholipid that makes up the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria. Lipid A is responsible for the endotoxic activities of LPS, and a heteropolysaccharide. The heteropolysaccharide generally consists of an oligosaccharide termed the core region. This core region is in some bacterial families composed of repeating oligosaccharide units, the so-called O chain. The lipid A moiety of LPS is detected by the TLR4/MD2 receptor of the mammalian innate immune system. Picomolar levels of lipid A induce macrophages to synthesize potent mediators of inflammation, such as TNF-α and IL-1β. Furthermore, lipid A activates the production of costimulatory molecules required for adaptive immunity and stimulates tissue factor production in mononuclear and endothelial cells. All these events are desirable for clearing local infections.