As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, has antibacterial activity and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Synonyms: Haptoglobin,Zonulin,HP