A neonicotinoid insecticide; an agonist of insect nAchRs; activates nAchRs containing N. lugens α1 and rat β2 subunits (EC50 = 67 μM in X. laevis oocytes); leads to sexual and aggressive behaviors in adult male offspring after administration to pregnant mice (1 mg/kg); decreases anxiety-like behavior of adult male offspring in the light-dark transition test (1 and 10 mg/kg)