Neuropeptide FF (and neuropeptide AF, which is also derived from the same precursor) belongs to a family of neuropeptides containing an RF-amide motif at their C-terminus. Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is found at high concentrations in the posterior pituitary, spinal cord, hypothalamus and medulla and is believed to be involved in pain modulation, opioid tolerance, cardiovascular regulation, memory and neuroendocrine regulation.