G-CSF is the key hematopoietic cytokine involved in the control of neutrophil production; therefore it is a critical regulator of innate immunity against bacterial infections. G-CSF mobilizes stem cells indirectly by down-regulating the expression of CXCL12 on marrow osteoblasts and by releasing neutrophil and monocyte proteolytic enzymes, including neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, which in turn degrade important HSC-trafficking and adhesion molecules c-kit, VCAM-1, and CXCR4. In addition, G-CSF possesses immunosuppressive effects on monocytes/ macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes. The receptor for G-CSF is expressed not only in hematopoietic cells; in addition, it is expressed in cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle, and neurons. G-CSF influences mouse skeletal muscle development and regeneration by stimulating myoblast proliferation. In vitro, G-CSF displays strong antiapoptotic activity in neuronal cells.