A serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; selectively inhibits the human serotonin transporter and norepinephrine transporter over the dopamine transporter (IC50s = 420, 77, and 6,100 nM, respectively); inhibits sodium-dependent serotonin and norepinephrine uptake over dopamine uptake in rat cerebral cortical synaptosomes (IC50s = 28.0, 29.6, and >10,000 nM, respectively); is an antagonist of the 5-HT3A and nAChRs (IC50s = 63.5 and 14.3 μM, respectively); increases withdrawal threshold and latency to tactile and heat stimulation, respectively, in nerve-ligated mice (30 mg/kg)